Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is contained in many fruit - fruit that is ripe.
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. As disaccharides, monosaccharides taste sweet, water soluble, and crystalline.
Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose, and heptose) and active group, which can be aldehyde or ketone. These are then combined, eg aldohexoses and ketotrioses.
Further, each carbon atom that binds the hydroxyl group (except at both ends) are optically active, resulting in several different carbohydrates although essentially the same structure. For example, galactose is aldohexoses, but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently.
Examples are:
* Trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
* Tetrosa: eritrosa
* Pentoses: lyxose, ribose, and deoxyribose
* Hexoses: idosa, glucose, fructose, and galactose
* Heptose:
Researchers found the beverages and foods containing fructose such as soft drinks and junk food lead to high blood pressure, stress, weight gain and diabetes, especially in men.
"These findings suggest that excessive levels of fructose may be an epidemic of obesity and diabetes," said Dr. Richard Johnson of the University of Colorado-Denver, as quoted by Reuters.
Fructose is a simple sugar with the highest level of sweetness but low calories. When compared with sugar sucrose, fructose is much sweeter and should be able to reduce the intake of excess calories in the body.
But it was the use of fructose instead trigger an unwanted disease. Fructose is found in many drinks soft drinks and junk food also. Even in experiments using rats, fructose proven to increase body weight more quickly than those who do not eat them.
Fructose is widely used by the food industry because it has some advantages over sucrose or sugar. But the side effects of fructose could actually be reduced by taking the drug allopurinol, the medication to relieve gout by reducing the level of acid in one's urine.
Johnson and colleagues of Mateo Orfila Hospital in Spain studied 74 men who were given 200 grams of fructose per day. Half of the male respondents were given the drug allopurinol.
After two months, it turns out they are not given the drug allopurinol metabolism disorder such as increased blood pressure, distended stomach and cholesterol levels are difficult to detect.
Fructose was sparked a sense of 'addiction', which makes a person want a sweet drink continuously. This is evident in rats fed fructose drinks. "They drink very quickly and wanted to add an unlimited amount," said Mariana Morris of Wright State University, Ohio.
This is happening at the same mice analogous to those seen in humans. Fructose is also found to increase stress hormones in rats. "The same will happen in humans, especially if you eat them at night," said Morris.
uUntuk it, the American Heart Association recommends the use of cane sugar or sucrose and fructose drink compared to a certain limit but trigger the disease. For a woman should not consume more than 100 calories or 6 teaspoons (25 grams), while men are not more than 150 calories or 9 teaspoons (37.5 grams) per day. Hopefully there are benefits.
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Showing posts with label Chemicals. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Chemicals. Show all posts
Glucose, galactose, fructose, Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. As disaccharides, monosaccharides taste sweet, water soluble, and crystalline.
Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they
contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose, and heptose) and active group, which can be aldehyde or ketone. These are then combined, eg aldohexoses and ketotrioses. Further, each carbon atom that binds the hydroxyl group (except at both ends) are optically active, resulting in several different carbohydrates although essentially the same structure. For example, galactose is aldohexoses, but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently.Another example:
* Trioses: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
* Tetrosa: eritrosa
* Pentoses: lyxose, ribose, and deoxyribose
* Hexoses: idosa, glucose, fructose, and galactose
* Heptose:
Glucose
Glucose is a aldohexoses, also known as dextrose because it plays right field polarization. Glucose is the main component of blood sugar, arrange 0.065 to 0.11% of our blood.
Glucose can be formed from the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and maltose. Glucose is very important for us because our body cells use it immediately to produce energy. Glucose can be oxidized by gently oxidizing agent such as reagent Tollens so often referred to as reducing sugars.
Galactose
Galactose is a aldohexoses. This monosaccharide rarely found free in nature. Generally binds to glucose in the form of lactose, the sugar found in milk. Galactose has a taste less sweet than glucose and less soluble in water. As with glucose, galactose is also a reducing sugar.
Fructose
Fructose is a heksulosa, also known as levulose because it plays into the left-field polarization. Is the only heksulosa found in nature.
Fructose is the sweetest sugar, found in honey and fruit together with glucose.
Fructose can be formed from hydrolysis of a disaccharide called sucrose. Just as glucose, fructose is a reducing sugar.
Adenosine Tri-phosphate
ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) is the energy from the group consisting of adenine bound to 3 phosphate groups obtained by the metabolic processes of living things.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP can be used to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP molecule is also used to store the energy plants in cellular respiration. ATP that are beyond the cytoplasm or outside the cell can function as signaling agents that affect growth and response to environmental changes.
Chemical Composition
ATP consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups. C10H16N5O13P3 empirical formula, and its chemical formula is C10H8N4O2NH2 (OH) 2 (PO3H) 3H, with a molecular weight of 507 184 u. Phosphoryl group of AMP is called the alpha, beta, and gamma-phosphate.
ATP in the human body
The total number of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mol. The energy used by human cells to carry out the hydrolysis can be numbered 200 to 300 moles of ATP per day. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled as much as 2000 to 3000 times per day. ATP can not be stored, hence its synthesis must closely follow its consumption.
Other triphosphate
Cells also have high energy nucleoside triphosphates others, such as GTP. Energy can be easily transferred between triphosphate-triphosphate with ATP via the reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphokinase: Energy is released when hydrolysis of the bonds of high-energy phosphate. This energy can be used by a variety of enzymes, protein motors, and transport proteins to carry out the cell. Also, the hydrolysis will release inorganic phosphate and ADP, which can be broken down further to another phosphate ion and AMP. ATP can also be directly broken down to adenosine monophosphate and pyrophosphate.
Reaction of ADP with GTP
ADP + GTP \ to ATP + GDP
Lately a lot of talk about the possibility of using ATP as an energy source for nanotechnology and implants so that equipment such as artificial pacemakers no longer require a battery.
Role of biochemistry and physiology
Role of ATP the most recognizable person is as an energy carrier, in the form of a mixed up as ATP and ADP. This function takes place in various cell compartments, but most occur in the cytosol (the space inside the viscous fluid-filled cytoplasm). As an energy carrier, ATP is also often found in mitochondria.
ATP and other nucleoside triphosphate can take place outside the cell, occupying the extracellular matrix. Here they act as signaling agents that respond to environmental change or disturbance from other organisms for later captured by receptors on the cell membrane. This mechanism has not been much studied and is known to occur in animals and, apparently, also in plants.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP can be used to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP molecule is also used to store the energy plants in cellular respiration. ATP that are beyond the cytoplasm or outside the cell can function as signaling agents that affect growth and response to environmental changes.
Chemical Composition
ATP consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups. C10H16N5O13P3 empirical formula, and its chemical formula is C10H8N4O2NH2 (OH) 2 (PO3H) 3H, with a molecular weight of 507 184 u. Phosphoryl group of AMP is called the alpha, beta, and gamma-phosphate.
ATP in the human body
The total number of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mol. The energy used by human cells to carry out the hydrolysis can be numbered 200 to 300 moles of ATP per day. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled as much as 2000 to 3000 times per day. ATP can not be stored, hence its synthesis must closely follow its consumption.
Other triphosphate
Cells also have high energy nucleoside triphosphates others, such as GTP. Energy can be easily transferred between triphosphate-triphosphate with ATP via the reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphokinase: Energy is released when hydrolysis of the bonds of high-energy phosphate. This energy can be used by a variety of enzymes, protein motors, and transport proteins to carry out the cell. Also, the hydrolysis will release inorganic phosphate and ADP, which can be broken down further to another phosphate ion and AMP. ATP can also be directly broken down to adenosine monophosphate and pyrophosphate.
Reaction of ADP with GTP
ADP + GTP \ to ATP + GDP
Lately a lot of talk about the possibility of using ATP as an energy source for nanotechnology and implants so that equipment such as artificial pacemakers no longer require a battery.
Role of biochemistry and physiology
Role of ATP the most recognizable person is as an energy carrier, in the form of a mixed up as ATP and ADP. This function takes place in various cell compartments, but most occur in the cytosol (the space inside the viscous fluid-filled cytoplasm). As an energy carrier, ATP is also often found in mitochondria.
ATP and other nucleoside triphosphate can take place outside the cell, occupying the extracellular matrix. Here they act as signaling agents that respond to environmental change or disturbance from other organisms for later captured by receptors on the cell membrane. This mechanism has not been much studied and is known to occur in animals and, apparently, also in plants.
Monosaccharides, glucose, galactose, fructose
Monosaccharides are sugars sedarhana which only consists of one molecule / cluster sugar.
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. As disaccharides, monosaccharides taste sweet, water soluble, and crystalline.
Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose, and heptose) and active group, which can be aldehyde or ketone. These are then combined, eg aldohexoses and ketotrioses.
Further, each carbon atom that binds the hydroxyl group (except at both ends) are optically active, resulting in several different carbohydrates although essentially the same structure. For example, galactose is aldohexoses, but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently.
Glucose
Glucose is a aldohexoses, also known as dextrose because it plays right field polarization. Glucose is the main component of blood sugar, arrange 0.065 to 0.11% of our blood.
Glucose can be formed from the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and maltose. Glucose is very important for us because our body cells use it immediately to produce energy. Glucose can be oxidized by gently oxidizing agent such as reagent Tollens so often referred to as reducing sugars.
Galactose
Galactose is a aldohexoses. This monosaccharide rarely found free in nature. Generally binds to glucose in the form of lactose, the sugar found in milk. Galactose has a taste less sweet than glucose and less soluble in water. As with glucose, galactose is also a reducing sugar.
Fructose
Fructose is a heksulosa, also known as levulose because it plays into the left-field polarization. Is the only heksulosa found in nature. Fructose is the sweetest sugar, found in honey and fruit together with glucose.
Fructose can be formed from hydrolysis of a disaccharide called sucrose. Just as glucose, fructose is a reducing sugar.
HOW CAN THAT FORMED monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides are the most complex carbohydrate compound, which formed as a composite of many monosaccharides. Actually, where the hell the first time the formation of monosaccharides and where all the merging - merging these to produce compounds that have important biological functions?
The compound - a compound that includes monosaccharides are glucose, galactose and fructose. The compound - a compound formed during the process of photosynthesis. Of this, still remember what substances resulting from the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis reaction:
CH2O + CO2 + H20 O2
Based on the above reaction, the resulting compound is CH2O and O2 or sugar and oxygen. But keep in mind also, CH2O was not the real sugar, but it only describes the general formula of carbohydrates. Sugar is actually formed when formed even C6H12O6.
The equation above represents a synthesis of carbonated sugar with one-time reaction. In other words, in order to form a compound of sugar in the form of glucose (C6H12O6), the reaction to be through repetition as much as 6 times (exact reaction took place during the dark reaction in fotosisntesis).
Sugar compounds obtained are not only in the form of glucose alone, but can also include fructose and galactose. This is because, whether glucose, fructose and galactose had six the number of atoms C. If you like this, then how sugar - the sugar can be specialized to glucose, fructose and galactose?
Well, for this case let's talk about the structure of monosaccharides. Monosaccharide functions grouped into clusters based on aldose (containing aldehyde groups) and ketosa (containing clusters ketosa). Glucose and galactose are included in the aldose, but if glucose has OH atomic groups on the right while galactose has the OH atomic groups on the left. While fructose included in ketosa.
glucose fructose galactose
As mentioned earlier, the process of formation of these sugars occurs during photosynthesis, but the process is also not as simple persaaman above. The formation of this sugar through a process, called the light reaction and dark reaction. These reactions occur within kloroflas.
In the light reaction, H2O decomposed by sunlight into H + O2 and light absorbed by chlorophyll moving the acceptor (electron acceptor) which is called NADP + to bring é and H are to be stored temporarily, while its O2 is released as byproducts. Because its function is such that, NADP + and then transformed into NADPH (addition of H +).
In addition to the byproducts O2, ATP is also produced. So in this light reaction, the sun changed by chemical energy into two forms of compounds ATP and NADPH. Then, two compounds used in the dark reaction, well then here is formed sugars (CH2O) with the aid of compounds ATP and NADPH.
Compound - sugar compounds are then joined, for example glucose + fructose into sucrose (disaccharide). Sucrose is then later used as a means of transfer in plants (carrying the results of photosynthesis). In addition, other examples of closer integration in our lives that is glucose + glucose into starch. In nature a form of starch (starch) is much contained in rice, wheat, corn, grain-like red beans or green beans, and many are also contained in various kinds of tubers such as cassava, potatoes or yams.
Merger monosaccharides can also occur in the bodies of animals / humans, namely in the muscle; happen pengabungan glucose + glucose into glycogen that will become a source of energy for the organism.
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. As disaccharides, monosaccharides taste sweet, water soluble, and crystalline.
Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain (trioses, tetrosa, pentose, hexose, and heptose) and active group, which can be aldehyde or ketone. These are then combined, eg aldohexoses and ketotrioses.
Further, each carbon atom that binds the hydroxyl group (except at both ends) are optically active, resulting in several different carbohydrates although essentially the same structure. For example, galactose is aldohexoses, but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently.
Glucose
Glucose is a aldohexoses, also known as dextrose because it plays right field polarization. Glucose is the main component of blood sugar, arrange 0.065 to 0.11% of our blood.
Glucose can be formed from the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and maltose. Glucose is very important for us because our body cells use it immediately to produce energy. Glucose can be oxidized by gently oxidizing agent such as reagent Tollens so often referred to as reducing sugars.
Galactose
Galactose is a aldohexoses. This monosaccharide rarely found free in nature. Generally binds to glucose in the form of lactose, the sugar found in milk. Galactose has a taste less sweet than glucose and less soluble in water. As with glucose, galactose is also a reducing sugar.
Fructose
Fructose is a heksulosa, also known as levulose because it plays into the left-field polarization. Is the only heksulosa found in nature. Fructose is the sweetest sugar, found in honey and fruit together with glucose.
Fructose can be formed from hydrolysis of a disaccharide called sucrose. Just as glucose, fructose is a reducing sugar.
HOW CAN THAT FORMED monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides are the most complex carbohydrate compound, which formed as a composite of many monosaccharides. Actually, where the hell the first time the formation of monosaccharides and where all the merging - merging these to produce compounds that have important biological functions?
The compound - a compound that includes monosaccharides are glucose, galactose and fructose. The compound - a compound formed during the process of photosynthesis. Of this, still remember what substances resulting from the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis reaction:
CH2O + CO2 + H20 O2
Based on the above reaction, the resulting compound is CH2O and O2 or sugar and oxygen. But keep in mind also, CH2O was not the real sugar, but it only describes the general formula of carbohydrates. Sugar is actually formed when formed even C6H12O6.
The equation above represents a synthesis of carbonated sugar with one-time reaction. In other words, in order to form a compound of sugar in the form of glucose (C6H12O6), the reaction to be through repetition as much as 6 times (exact reaction took place during the dark reaction in fotosisntesis).
Sugar compounds obtained are not only in the form of glucose alone, but can also include fructose and galactose. This is because, whether glucose, fructose and galactose had six the number of atoms C. If you like this, then how sugar - the sugar can be specialized to glucose, fructose and galactose?
Well, for this case let's talk about the structure of monosaccharides. Monosaccharide functions grouped into clusters based on aldose (containing aldehyde groups) and ketosa (containing clusters ketosa). Glucose and galactose are included in the aldose, but if glucose has OH atomic groups on the right while galactose has the OH atomic groups on the left. While fructose included in ketosa.
glucose fructose galactose
As mentioned earlier, the process of formation of these sugars occurs during photosynthesis, but the process is also not as simple persaaman above. The formation of this sugar through a process, called the light reaction and dark reaction. These reactions occur within kloroflas.
In the light reaction, H2O decomposed by sunlight into H + O2 and light absorbed by chlorophyll moving the acceptor (electron acceptor) which is called NADP + to bring é and H are to be stored temporarily, while its O2 is released as byproducts. Because its function is such that, NADP + and then transformed into NADPH (addition of H +).
In addition to the byproducts O2, ATP is also produced. So in this light reaction, the sun changed by chemical energy into two forms of compounds ATP and NADPH. Then, two compounds used in the dark reaction, well then here is formed sugars (CH2O) with the aid of compounds ATP and NADPH.
Compound - sugar compounds are then joined, for example glucose + fructose into sucrose (disaccharide). Sucrose is then later used as a means of transfer in plants (carrying the results of photosynthesis). In addition, other examples of closer integration in our lives that is glucose + glucose into starch. In nature a form of starch (starch) is much contained in rice, wheat, corn, grain-like red beans or green beans, and many are also contained in various kinds of tubers such as cassava, potatoes or yams.
Merger monosaccharides can also occur in the bodies of animals / humans, namely in the muscle; happen pengabungan glucose + glucose into glycogen that will become a source of energy for the organism.
Metabolism and catabolism
Metabolism is the activity and chemical processes within the living body which aims to produce energy by changing the ingredients - food ingredients derived from nature.
Metabolism (Greek: μεταβολισμος, metabolismos, changes) are all chemical reactions that occur in organisms, including those that occur at the cellular level.
In general, the metabolism of a two-way path of organic chemical reactions.
* Catabolism, ie reactions that break down organic molecules to obtain energy * Anabolisme, namely the assembling reaction of organic compounds of specific molecules, to be absorbed by the body's cells.
The two-way path of metabolism is required of every organism to survive. The direction of the path of metabolism is determined by a compound known as hormones, and dipercepatkan by organic compounds called enzymes. In organic compounds, determining the direction of chemical reactions called the promoter and determining the acceleration of chemical reactions called the catalyst.
In each direction of metabolism, chemical reactions involving a number of substrates that interact with the enzyme at the level-level reaction to produce intermediate compounds commonly known as metabolites, which is the substrate on the ladder next reaction. Overall chemical reagents involved in a reaction called metabolom level. All were studied in a branch of biology called metabolomika.
Catabolism Catabolism is a reaction breaking / dismantling of complex chemical compounds that contain high energy into simpler compounds that contain lower energy. Catabolism main objective is to liberate the energy contained in the compound source. When demolition of a substance in the environment sufficient oxygen (aerobic) is called respirad process, when in an environment without oxygen (anaerobic) is called fermentation.
Example Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 688KKal. (Glucose)
Example of Fermentation: C6H1206 ------> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy. (Glucose) (ethanol)
Respiration Respiration is a process of liberation of energy stored in the substance sources of energy through a chemical process using oxygen. Of respiration will produce the chemical energy of ATP untak life activities, such as synthesis (anabolisme), movement, growth.
Example: Respiration on glucose, a simple reaction: C6H, 206 + 6 02 ---------- -> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy (GluLosa)
Disassembly reaction of glucose to be H20 + CO2 + Energy, through three stages:
1. Glycolysis. Event changes: Glucose => Glulosa - 6 - phosphate => Fructose 1.6 diphosphate Þ 3 fosfogliseral dehid (PGAL) / trioses phosphoric acid piravat Þ. So the result of glycolysis: 1.1. 2 molecules piravat acid. 1.2. 2 molecules of NADH that serves as a source of energetic electrons high. 1.3. 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose.
2. Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle (cycle trikarboksilat) or citric acid cycle is an aerobic demolition piravat acid into CO2 and H2O as well as chemical energy
3. Respiratory electron transport. From the cycle of Krebs will be out of electrons and ions H + are taken as NADH2 (NADH + H + + 1 electron) and FADH2, so that in the mitochondria (the existence of the Krebs cycle, followed by oxidation through a system of transporting electrons) will be formed of water, as a byproduct of respiration other than CO2.
Byproduct of respiration is eventually thrown out of the body through the stomata in plants and through the lungs at a high level of animal respiratory events. The three important respiratory process may be summarized as follows:
ATP ACCEPTOR PROCESS
1. Glycolysis: Glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH 2 ATP 2. Krebs Cycle: 2 acetyl pyruvate -> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 C02 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 acetyl CoA -> 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 PADH2 3. Trsnspor chain electron respirator: 10 NADH + 502 -> 10 NAD + + 10 H20 30 ATP 2 FADH2 + O2 -> 2 PAD 4 ATP + 2 H20
Total 38 ATP
Conclusion: Demolition of 1 mole of glucose (C6H1206) + O2 -> 6 H20 + 6 CO2 produced as many as 38 ATP energy.
Fermentation
In most animal den plant respiration is aerobic respiration take place, however, can only occur inhibited aerobic respiration on something, then animals and plants establish a process of fermentation is the process of energy release in the absence of oxygen, other names are Anaerobic respiration. From the end of fermentation, fermentation can be divided into lactic acid / sour milk and alcohol fermentation. A. Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is fermentation where the end result is lactic acid. These events can occur in muscle under anaerobic conditions.
Her reaction: C6H12O6 ----> 2 C2H5OCOOH + Energy enzyme
The process:
1. Glucose ----> pyruvic acid (Glycolysis process). enzyme C6H12O6 ----> 2 C2H3OCOOH + Energy
2. Piravat acid dehydrogenation of lactic acid will be formed. 2 C2H3OCOOH NADH2 ----> 2 + 2 + 2 NAD C2H5OCOOH pyruvate dehydrogenase
Energy, which rise from glycolysis to form lactic acid: 8 ATP - 2 NADH2 = 8-2 (3 ATP) = 2 ATP. B. Alcohol Fermentation In some microbial events take place because the energy release is converted into pyruvic acid acetic acid acetic acid + CO2 selanjutaya diabah into alcohol. In alcohol fermentation, one molecule of glucose can only produce 2 molecules of ATP, compared with aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose can produce 38 molecules of ATP.
Her reaction:
1. Sugar (C6H12O6) ----> pyruvic acid (glycolysis) 2. Dekarbeksilasi pyruvic acid.
Asampiruvat --------------------> acetaldehyde + CO2. pyruvate decarboxylase (CH3CHO) 3. Acetaldehyde by alcohol dihidrogenase converted into alcohol (Ethanol). 2 CH3CHO + 2 NADH2 -----------------> 2 C2HsOH + 2 NAD. alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme Summary reaction: -----> C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 + Energy NADH2
C. Acid Fermentation Vinegar Acid fermentation of vinegar is an example of fermentation that takes place in aerobic conditions. Fermentation was carried out by the vinegar bacteria (Acetobacter aceti) with the substrate ethanol. The energy produced 5 times greater than the energy produced by anaerobic fermentation of alcohol. Reaction: aerobic 2 C2H5OH -----> C6H12O6 ---------------> 2 CH3COOH + H2O + 116 cal (Glucose) vinegar acid vinegar acid bacteria
From various sources
Metabolism (Greek: μεταβολισμος, metabolismos, changes) are all chemical reactions that occur in organisms, including those that occur at the cellular level.
In general, the metabolism of a two-way path of organic chemical reactions.
* Catabolism, ie reactions that break down organic molecules to obtain energy * Anabolisme, namely the assembling reaction of organic compounds of specific molecules, to be absorbed by the body's cells.
The two-way path of metabolism is required of every organism to survive. The direction of the path of metabolism is determined by a compound known as hormones, and dipercepatkan by organic compounds called enzymes. In organic compounds, determining the direction of chemical reactions called the promoter and determining the acceleration of chemical reactions called the catalyst.
In each direction of metabolism, chemical reactions involving a number of substrates that interact with the enzyme at the level-level reaction to produce intermediate compounds commonly known as metabolites, which is the substrate on the ladder next reaction. Overall chemical reagents involved in a reaction called metabolom level. All were studied in a branch of biology called metabolomika.
Catabolism Catabolism is a reaction breaking / dismantling of complex chemical compounds that contain high energy into simpler compounds that contain lower energy. Catabolism main objective is to liberate the energy contained in the compound source. When demolition of a substance in the environment sufficient oxygen (aerobic) is called respirad process, when in an environment without oxygen (anaerobic) is called fermentation.
Example Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 688KKal. (Glucose)
Example of Fermentation: C6H1206 ------> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy. (Glucose) (ethanol)
Respiration Respiration is a process of liberation of energy stored in the substance sources of energy through a chemical process using oxygen. Of respiration will produce the chemical energy of ATP untak life activities, such as synthesis (anabolisme), movement, growth.
Example: Respiration on glucose, a simple reaction: C6H, 206 + 6 02 ---------- -> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy (GluLosa)
Disassembly reaction of glucose to be H20 + CO2 + Energy, through three stages:
1. Glycolysis. Event changes: Glucose => Glulosa - 6 - phosphate => Fructose 1.6 diphosphate Þ 3 fosfogliseral dehid (PGAL) / trioses phosphoric acid piravat Þ. So the result of glycolysis: 1.1. 2 molecules piravat acid. 1.2. 2 molecules of NADH that serves as a source of energetic electrons high. 1.3. 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose.
2. Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle (cycle trikarboksilat) or citric acid cycle is an aerobic demolition piravat acid into CO2 and H2O as well as chemical energy
3. Respiratory electron transport. From the cycle of Krebs will be out of electrons and ions H + are taken as NADH2 (NADH + H + + 1 electron) and FADH2, so that in the mitochondria (the existence of the Krebs cycle, followed by oxidation through a system of transporting electrons) will be formed of water, as a byproduct of respiration other than CO2.
Byproduct of respiration is eventually thrown out of the body through the stomata in plants and through the lungs at a high level of animal respiratory events. The three important respiratory process may be summarized as follows:
ATP ACCEPTOR PROCESS
1. Glycolysis: Glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH 2 ATP 2. Krebs Cycle: 2 acetyl pyruvate -> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 C02 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 acetyl CoA -> 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 PADH2 3. Trsnspor chain electron respirator: 10 NADH + 502 -> 10 NAD + + 10 H20 30 ATP 2 FADH2 + O2 -> 2 PAD 4 ATP + 2 H20
Total 38 ATP
Conclusion: Demolition of 1 mole of glucose (C6H1206) + O2 -> 6 H20 + 6 CO2 produced as many as 38 ATP energy.
Fermentation
In most animal den plant respiration is aerobic respiration take place, however, can only occur inhibited aerobic respiration on something, then animals and plants establish a process of fermentation is the process of energy release in the absence of oxygen, other names are Anaerobic respiration. From the end of fermentation, fermentation can be divided into lactic acid / sour milk and alcohol fermentation. A. Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is fermentation where the end result is lactic acid. These events can occur in muscle under anaerobic conditions.
Her reaction: C6H12O6 ----> 2 C2H5OCOOH + Energy enzyme
The process:
1. Glucose ----> pyruvic acid (Glycolysis process). enzyme C6H12O6 ----> 2 C2H3OCOOH + Energy
2. Piravat acid dehydrogenation of lactic acid will be formed. 2 C2H3OCOOH NADH2 ----> 2 + 2 + 2 NAD C2H5OCOOH pyruvate dehydrogenase
Energy, which rise from glycolysis to form lactic acid: 8 ATP - 2 NADH2 = 8-2 (3 ATP) = 2 ATP. B. Alcohol Fermentation In some microbial events take place because the energy release is converted into pyruvic acid acetic acid acetic acid + CO2 selanjutaya diabah into alcohol. In alcohol fermentation, one molecule of glucose can only produce 2 molecules of ATP, compared with aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose can produce 38 molecules of ATP.
Her reaction:
1. Sugar (C6H12O6) ----> pyruvic acid (glycolysis) 2. Dekarbeksilasi pyruvic acid.
Asampiruvat --------------------> acetaldehyde + CO2. pyruvate decarboxylase (CH3CHO) 3. Acetaldehyde by alcohol dihidrogenase converted into alcohol (Ethanol). 2 CH3CHO + 2 NADH2 -----------------> 2 C2HsOH + 2 NAD. alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme Summary reaction: -----> C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 + Energy NADH2
C. Acid Fermentation Vinegar Acid fermentation of vinegar is an example of fermentation that takes place in aerobic conditions. Fermentation was carried out by the vinegar bacteria (Acetobacter aceti) with the substrate ethanol. The energy produced 5 times greater than the energy produced by anaerobic fermentation of alcohol. Reaction: aerobic 2 C2H5OH -----> C6H12O6 ---------------> 2 CH3COOH + H2O + 116 cal (Glucose) vinegar acid vinegar acid bacteria
From various sources
SCOPE AND FIELD PROGRAM RUT XII
RUT XII fields
In line with the Mutual Assistance Cabinet Program primarily related to the third program is Normalization of Economic Life, the RUT XII research activities prioritized in the following areas: Agriculture and Food; Marine, terrestrial and aerospace; Biotechnology (for the fields of Health, Environment, Industry Agriculture and Food); Energy, Informatics and Microelectronics; and Manufacturing.
In addition to these areas, in accordance with PUNAS RISTEK 2001 - 2005, the RUT XII may receive proposals for the fields of research: the National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional Transportation and Logistics and New Materials. Entire areas of research Ruth XII, are:
1. National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional
2. Agriculture and Food
3. Health
4. Environment
5. Marine, terrestrial and aerospace
6. Transport and Logistics
7. Energy
8. Manufacturing
9. Information and Microelectronics
10. New Materials
In accordance with previous policy, funding allocations aligned to the ratio of Basic Research Program, Applied Research Program, Production Technology Development Program and about 30: 35: 35.
Special Note for RUT XII
In order to strive to further sharpen the direction of research in the areas funded by the Government in order to obtain a more scalable aggregation results, the output is more real and focused, it was decided that the activities resulting accumulation RUT XII needs a more useful research. And for the RUT XII has been selected oil palm commodities that have value and competiive comparaive products.
Proposals related to the tenth of the above should merely refer to the coconut palm research. Targets to be achieved in the research Palm, with the accumulated results of research that is intended in the RUT XII:
1. Accumulation of basic research, applied research and development of production technology for coconut palm (from upstream to downstream);
2. Support the realization of competence in research and development-oriented economic activity commodity Palm has given the international market which is good enough to bring in foreign and domestic markets available. Furthermore, the cultivation of oil palm to CPO / PKO as downstream agro-industries can provide employment solutions for farmers, reduce poverty nationally, in addition to liven up basic research in biotechnology and seeds. Processed Products CPO / PKO into food products, medicines, soaps, and even energy and other biodiesel, is a challenge for researchers and engineers to process CPO / PKO into processed products with higher added value for exports;
3. Awakening community-oriented researchers and engineers at Palm commodities within the next three years is expected to be able to finance its research activities independently.
May be useful for us all. Thank You
In line with the Mutual Assistance Cabinet Program primarily related to the third program is Normalization of Economic Life, the RUT XII research activities prioritized in the following areas: Agriculture and Food; Marine, terrestrial and aerospace; Biotechnology (for the fields of Health, Environment, Industry Agriculture and Food); Energy, Informatics and Microelectronics; and Manufacturing.
In addition to these areas, in accordance with PUNAS RISTEK 2001 - 2005, the RUT XII may receive proposals for the fields of research: the National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional Transportation and Logistics and New Materials. Entire areas of research Ruth XII, are:
1. National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional
2. Agriculture and Food
3. Health
4. Environment
5. Marine, terrestrial and aerospace
6. Transport and Logistics
7. Energy
8. Manufacturing
9. Information and Microelectronics
10. New Materials
In accordance with previous policy, funding allocations aligned to the ratio of Basic Research Program, Applied Research Program, Production Technology Development Program and about 30: 35: 35.
Special Note for RUT XII
In order to strive to further sharpen the direction of research in the areas funded by the Government in order to obtain a more scalable aggregation results, the output is more real and focused, it was decided that the activities resulting accumulation RUT XII needs a more useful research. And for the RUT XII has been selected oil palm commodities that have value and competiive comparaive products.
Proposals related to the tenth of the above should merely refer to the coconut palm research. Targets to be achieved in the research Palm, with the accumulated results of research that is intended in the RUT XII:
1. Accumulation of basic research, applied research and development of production technology for coconut palm (from upstream to downstream);
2. Support the realization of competence in research and development-oriented economic activity commodity Palm has given the international market which is good enough to bring in foreign and domestic markets available. Furthermore, the cultivation of oil palm to CPO / PKO as downstream agro-industries can provide employment solutions for farmers, reduce poverty nationally, in addition to liven up basic research in biotechnology and seeds. Processed Products CPO / PKO into food products, medicines, soaps, and even energy and other biodiesel, is a challenge for researchers and engineers to process CPO / PKO into processed products with higher added value for exports;
3. Awakening community-oriented researchers and engineers at Palm commodities within the next three years is expected to be able to finance its research activities independently.
May be useful for us all. Thank You
With atomic-scale molecular
Chemistry (from the Arabic "transformation art" and the Greek khemeia. Alchemy is the study of the composition and properties of substances or materials on the scale of molecules and atoms to change or transformation as well as their interaction to form the material found everyday.
Chemistry is also studying the understanding of the nature and interactions of individual atoms in order to apply such knowledge on the macroscopic level. According to modern chemistry, physical properties are generally determined by the structure of matter at the atomic level, which in turn determined by the style antaratom.
macroscopic is the observation by using the eyes alone. This is because our eyes are also able to clearly see objects that size is not too big and not too small. Last is the microscopic observation. This observation is usually done using a tool called a microscope. The item is required because of large objects that we need to observe is too small and is unable to be viewed only by using the naked eye alone.
Chemistry is often referred to as the "central science" because it connects the various other sciences, like physics, material science, nanotechnology, biology, pharmacy, medicine, bioinformatics, and geology.
Chemistry is also studying the understanding of the nature and interactions of individual atoms in order to apply such knowledge on the macroscopic level. According to modern chemistry, physical properties are generally determined by the structure of matter at the atomic level, which in turn determined by the style antaratom.
macroscopic is the observation by using the eyes alone. This is because our eyes are also able to clearly see objects that size is not too big and not too small. Last is the microscopic observation. This observation is usually done using a tool called a microscope. The item is required because of large objects that we need to observe is too small and is unable to be viewed only by using the naked eye alone.
Chemistry is often referred to as the "central science" because it connects the various other sciences, like physics, material science, nanotechnology, biology, pharmacy, medicine, bioinformatics, and geology.
Elemental iron, detergent, and pollutant
Chlorine dose big enough, continued Nusa, can react with other compounds into chloroform, khlorofenol, and so forth. During this PDAM never analyze new compounds of chlorine due to excess it. In fact, the effect could create free radicals. ''So, the emergence of diseases is actually caused by poor drinking water quality,''.
Elemental iron, detergents, and other pollutants still found in the water despite the clear and clean appearance.
Arie added contamination of drinking water supplied to the public purposes can be caused by industrial waste, domestic waste, hazardous and toxic wastes, corrosion of piping and also due to a byproduct of the disinfection process with chlorine compounds. ''The contamination can occur ranging from raw water source, during processing or in the distribution pipeline.''
Therefore, further Arie, Indonesia's population is still difficult even now free from diarrheal disease, cholera, dysentery to typhus. For, the disease associated with water (waterborne deseases).''
Looking at the relationship between the quality of public health with clean water consumed interrelated. In addition to diarrhea, typhoid, cholera and dysentery, other diseases that are often found are hepatitis A and acute anterior poliomelistis.
Both researchers emphasize the importance of public knowledge about the dangers of chemicals in drinking water. ''Many people have found poisoned drinking water because of chemical compounds in drinking water exceeding the allowed threshold concentration,''.
Actually, this chemical compound can be natural or due to human activities pollute the drinking water. Some chemicals that are toxic to the human body are heavy metals, pesticides, compounds hydrocarbon pollutants, radioactive substances of natural or artificial, and so forth.
An example is nitrate commonly found in agricultural activities. Nitrate pollution caused by agricultural waste water containing nitrate compounds resulting from the use of nitrogen fertilizer (urea).
Nitrate compounds in drinking water in large quantities cause methaemoglobinameia. This disease is a condition of hemoglobin in the blood is transformed into methaemoglobin, so the blood deprived of oxygen.
Flouride (F) is a natural chemical compounds in water at various concentrations. At small concentrations of about 1.5 mg / l would be beneficial to dental health. When high concentrations (greater than 2 mg / l) cause tooth decay (dental-bercak0 spots.''When even bigger 3-6 mg / l causes damage to the bone. Dose Flouride in drinking water maximum of 0.8 mg / l .''
Another dangerous element mercury (merkurium, Hg) is a toxic heavy metal element to the body. Merkurium result of industrial waste had caused loss of life on Minamata case of Japan, 1950.
Drinking water was not contaminated by cadmium (Cd). Drinking water usually contains Cd with a concentration of 1 ug or sometimes up to 5 ug. WHO has issued recommendations Cd levels in drinking water of 0.01 mg / l while the Government Regulation No. 20/1990 maximum levels of cadmium in drinking water for 0,005 mg / l.
Other toxic substances commonly found in Selenium in seleniferous area (rainfed). In areas such levels of selenium in groundwater (wells) or surface can be high. WHO set the levels of selenium in drinking water of 0.01 mg / l while the Government Regulation No. 20/1990 recommends that permitted levels of selenium 0.01 mg / l.
Analytical chemistry, elements, atoms, molecules, ions
Chemistry (derived from the Arabic of the "art of transformation" and Greek khemeia "alchemy") is the study regarding the composition and properties of substances or materials from the atomic scale until the molecule and change or transformation and interaction them to form the material found everyday. Chemical also studied the understanding of the nature and interactions of individual atoms with the aim to apply that knowledge at the level macroscopic. According to modern chemistry, physical properties of matter generally determined by the structure at the atomic level, which in turn determined by the force between atoms.
Analytical Chemistry
* Analytical Chemistry is the analysis of material samples to obtain understanding of the chemical composition and structure. Analytical Chemistry involves a standard experimental method in chemistry. Methods This can be used in all other sub-disciplines of chemistry, except for purely theoretical chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry is a discipline that develops and applying the methods, instruments and strategies to obtain information on the composition and condition of materials in space and time. Research group of scientific / analytical chemistry expertise focused on the development, validation and application of "state-of-the-art "analytical methods as well as integrated and terautomasi instrumentation for trace analysis and speciation.
Element
- Elements are substances that can not be broken down into substances that smaller, or can not be changed form the other chemicals with how physics or kimiabiasa.
- The smallest particles of elements are atoms
- The lightest element is H and He. H is believed to be the is the first time in the world after the Big Bang.
- All elements of the weight-2 naturally formed mel various methods of nucleosynthesis.
- Until 2005, 118 known elements, 93 are in nature, 23 an artificial element.
- Elements that created humans, usually not stable and with spontaneously transformed into stable natural chemical elements mel Radioactive process.
- An artificial element was first suspected to be a Tekne Tiu m (1937). All merupk artificial radioactive element with which Part Time short.
Atom
- Atom is a very small unit in any existing language, around us.
- Atomic term: the first time at the ol said Democritus (a = No, tomos = Cut / for) means the smallest unit that can not divided.
- Atom is a collection of materials consists of atomic nuclei (Nucleus) positively charged, which usually contain Proton and Neutrons, and some of the electrons surrounding the offset positively charged nucleus.
Molecule
- The molecule is an integral part of most smaller than the pure compounds have unique characteristics and physical kia.
- The molecule consists of 2 or more bond ATOM. Ex: H2O is Water molecules, (CH2O) 6 is a molecule SUGAR.
Ion
- Ions are ato / set Electricity charged atoms.
- Negatively charged ion, when the capture of one or more ELECTRON, is called an anion, because he was attracted to ANODE.
- Positively charged ion, which loses one or more electron, called KAYION, kerana attracted to the CATHODE.
- Ion, ion formation process is called ionization. Atom or groups are ionized atoms marked with tikatas n + or n-, Where n is the number of electrons lost or gained.
- Ion, was first theorized by Michael Faraday in the year 1830 to describe the molecules that move into the anode or cathode. But this event new mechanism diseskripsikan in 1884 by SYANTE Aug ARRCHENIUS in the dissertation doctorate at the UNIVERSITY OF Uppsala. At first, this theory does not received (he obtained his degree with a minimum value), but dissertation won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903.
Chemical Compounds
- The chemical compound is: CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE formed from 2 or more Element with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, Water, H2O is a compound consisting of 2 H atoms to every atom O.
- The characteristics that distinguish the compound is that he has FORMULAS CHEMISTRY. The chemical formula gives the ratio of atoms in the substance and the amount of atoms in a single molecule, therefore the chemical formula of ethene dalah C2H4 and not CH2.
- Compounds can form in several PHASE, both in substance SOLID, LIQUID or GAS. All compounds will break down into compounds ATOM smaller or individual when heated to a temperature particular, the so-called decomposition temperature.
- Types of compounds: Acids, Bases, ionic compounds, salts, oxides, organic compounds in binary form (2 items), ternary (3 elements), Quaternary (4 elements).
Water and Chemical Substances
After I go along in a few pages, turns out I found too. Was also tired, but this is already a satisfaction in the business. Success is an achievement, certainly. Well it turns out I had it. I was looking for was found as well.
AIR is the basic need of living beings. When humans, animals and plants short of water, it will die, is clear and undeniable. Anyway, very extensive water damage to life, especially the water to eat and drink. People will be dehydration or disease if the lack of fluids in his body. Dehydration is a disruption in water balance or water on the body. This occurred because spending more than revenue water (eg drinking). Impaired body fluid loss is accompanied by body electrolyte balance disorders substance.
Currently drinking water quality in major cities in Indonesia are still apprehensive. Population density, land use is wrong and the high exploitation of water resources is very influential on the quality of water, let alone the quality of its own population. When the nutrients in the body is incomplete it will not be perfect for humans. Obviously if the quality is not great-great people like in America or dicina there.
The opinion was expressed by two specialist water and wastewater. Nusa Idaman Said explained that the government has issued Kepmenkes No 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002 to the Terms and Drinking Water Quality Monitoring.
Terms of drinking water''in accordance Permenkes it must be free of inorganic materials and organic. In other words the quality of drinking water must be free of bacteria, chemicals, toxins, hazardous wastes and so forth,''said Arie.
Drinking water quality parameters that relate directly to health in accordance Permenkes is related to microbiology, such as E. Coli and total coliform. Associated with organic chemistry in the form of arsenic, Flouride, chromium, cadmium, nitrate, cyanide and selenium.
While the parameters that are not directly related to health, which include odor, color, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, taste, and temperature. For the chemical parameters in the form of aluminum, iron, chloride, manganese, pH, zinc, sulfate, copper, residual chlorine and ammonia.
Water pollution in the region major cities in Indonesia, continued Ariel, very big. Based on statistical data BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics) DKI Jakarta 1998 about 50% of households using tap water (taps), soil water using a pump at 42.67%, dig wells and other 3.16% 0.63%.
''The problems start to appear on product quality drinking water. The water quality of rivers and ground water less qualified. Many people dispose of garbage, debris and waste into rivers. In fact, there are other ways to dispose of hazardous waste plant at a depth of several meters,''said Arie.
Furthermore, he explains the source of clean water in Jakarta come from the Citarum River (80%), Cisadane (15%) and the rest Ciliwung. Those rivers across various rural, residential, industrial, and transportation is quite solid. However, public awareness in protecting the environment is still low, so the river one of the natural resources vulnerable to contamination.
In rural areas the community was experiencing a crisis worthy of drinking water. Excessive use of pesticides pollute the water in rice fields which then flows into the river and used the public for daily life.
Not a few villagers were washed with detergent at the edge of time. Likewise, coastal communities having trouble finding fresh water. As a result, they use sea water with high salinity.
''In the meantime, drinking water treatment technology that is used taps are still lagging behind. In the process the raw water into drinking water taps technology used only eliminate the bacteria E. Coli and iron. While the content of carcinogens is never done,''.
Nature White Nickel is shiny, very hard, no rust, Resistant to dilute acids
Usefulness of nickel was accidentally, and may dikesan so 3500 BC. Gangsa from now recognized as Syria has a nickel content so that the two peratus. Additionally, Chinese manuscripts imagine that unlicensed "white copper" (eg baitung) has been used in the East between 1700 BC and 1400 BC. However, due to nickel ore silver ore easily mistaken premises, any misconception about this and more ditumpukan usefulness to the present.
Nickel contain adequate minerals (eg kupfernikel, means to copper devil ("Nick"), or false copper) were used for mewarnakan glass to green. In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt're trying to produce copper from kupfernikel (now known as nikolit), and vice versa can be a white metal that was held by him as a nickel.
Sarekat In America, the term "nickel" or "nick" was originally used for money syiling copper-nickel cents Indians, introduced in 1859 and later, for money syiling three cents which was introduced in 1865. The following year, the name used for the nickel five-cent shield so today. Money-money syiling that done than pure nickel is used for the first time in 1881 in Switzerland.
The properties of nickel are:
• White shiny
• Very hard
• No rust
• Resistant to dilute acids
Utam nickel ore is nickel sulfide.
Nickel-nickel are exported in the form of 3 kinds of ore, nickel rough, and ferronickel. Nickel mining area in the Koala, Soroako, North Maluku. Nickel mining way through various ways, among others;
• Felling trees and shrubs
• Stripping the land surface
• Excavation with ladder system (benching system) that is started from the ground up following the contour line with a power shovel digging tool or shovel dozer nickel processing through several stages:
• Baking
• Consolidation
• Use of Nickel Electrolysis
• To coat the items made of iron, copper, steel because nickel has a hardness, corrosion resistant and easy to gloss when rubbed.
• To make stainless steel (stailess stell)
• To make aliase with copper and some other metals such as:
a. Monel (Ni, Cu, Fe)
Used to make electricity transmission instrument
b. Nikrom (Ni, Fe, Cr)
Used as a heating wire
c. Alniko (Al, Ni, Fe, Co)
To make a magnet.
d. Palinit and Invar is nickel alloy that has the same expansion coefficient of glasses used as an electric wire embedded in glass, for example in Bolam incandescent lamps.
e. Nickel powder is used as a catalyst, for example in hidrogenansi (compaction) of coconut oil, also in petroleum cracking.
Kasiterit tin (SnO2)
Tin is a silvery white metal, is relatively soft, corrosion resistant and has a low melting point. Tin present in 2 forms allotropes of tin and gray tin. The most important tin ore is kasiterit (SnO2). Place tin ore mining in Indonesia is on Bangka, Belitung and island-Riau.w Kampar
The process of formation of tin:
SnO2 (s) 2C (s)
Sn (l) 2CO (g)
Use of Tin
1. To make cans (team plate) range of products.
2. Surfacing tebuat cans of iron that will protect iron from perkaratan.
3. Make a mix of metal, such as bronze (alloy of tin, copper, zinc) and solder (tin and lead alloy)
Tin processing
Tin ore after then baked so that the arsenic was concentrated and separated in the form of sulfur oxides that easily evaporate. Then the tin ore that has been purified it is reduced with carbon. Tin liquid collected in the bottom of the furnace and then poured into molds to obtain tin bar. Tin is still quite rough and needs to Purify. Purification of tin can be done in 2 stages:
1. HIGH TENTION SEPARATOR
Mineral terpusah style electricity such as tin, iron.
2.MAGNETE SEPARATOR
Minerals are not interested in tin, tin ore ready for smelting process to obtain pure tin.
Properties owned aluminum
ALUMINIUMAluminum is a silvery white metal that berwaarna and quite mild which has a density of 2.7 g cm-3. The properties are owned aluminum, among others:
1. Lightweight, corrosion resistant and non-toxic it is widely used for household items like pots, pans and others.
2. Reflective, in the form of aluminum foil used for packaging food, drugs, and cigarettes.
3. Electrical conductivity two times greater than Cu, Al is used as a utility pole cable.
4. Al alloys with other metals to produce a strong metal such as Duralium (a mixture of Al, Cu, mg) for the manufacture of body peswat.
5. Al as a reductant agent for Aluminum oxide MnO2 and Cr2O3 are abundant in the earth's crust, which is about 7.6%. With the abundance of it, aluminum is the third leading element after oxygen and silicon, and is the most abundant metal element. However, Aluminum remains an expensive metal because of its processing difficult. Economically valuable mineral that aluminum is bauxite which is the only source of aluminum. Kriloit used in smelting aluminum, are used clay to make bricks, ceramics. In Indonesia, bauxite are found in Bintan island and in Tayan (West Kalimantan).
Processing Alumininum:
Aluminum is made by prosesHall lt-h erou found olehCh Arles M. Hall in the United States and Paul Heroult tahun1886. Aluminum and bauxite processing includes 2 stages:
1. Purification of bauxite for alumina meperoleh pure.
2. Consolidation / reduction of alumina electrolysis view
Purification of bauxite by the way:
a. Ba reacted dengana NaOH (q). Aluminum oxide will dissolve to form NaCl (OH) 4.
b. Solution was filtered and the filtrate containing NaAl (OH) 4 acidified with CO2 gas stream Al precipitate as Al (OH) 3
c. Al (OH) 3 filtered and then dried and heated in order to obtain Al2O3 not watery.
Aluminium ores are the major include:
• bauxite
• mica
• clay
Alumina Smelter:
Consolidation uses electrolysis cell consisting of graphite-coated metal container which also functions as a cathode (-) is anode (+) is graphite. Mixed Al2O3 with kriolit and AlF3 heated to melt and the temperature of 950 C and then dielektrolisis. Al is formed in the form of a liquid and accumulate in the bottom of the container and then released periodically into the mold to get the aluminum bar (ingot). Graphite anode continuously spent because reacts with O2 so it must be replaced from time to time. To get 1 kg of Al spent 0.44 graphite anode.
2Al2O3 +3 C
4Al + 3CO2
Some matte Al a major:
1. Bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O)
2. Mika (K-Mg-Al-Slilkat)
3. Clay (Al2Si2O7.2H2O)
Aluminum exist in nature in the form of silicates and oxides, among other things:
• silicates such as feldspar, clay, mica
• kurondum such as anhydrous oxide (for emery)
• as a hydrate, eg bauxite
• kriolit such as fluoride.
Use of Aluminum:
Some use aluminum, among others:
1. Automotive industry sector, to create truck and automotive components.
2. to make the fuselage.
3. Housing construction sector; for doors and window frames.
4. Food industry sectors, for packaging various types of products.
5. Other sectors, eg for electric cables, furniture and handicrafts.
6. Membuattermit, namely a mixture of aluminum powder with a powder of iron (III) oxide, is used to weld steel in place, eg for connecting railroads.
Some Aluminum compounds are also many uses, among others:
1. Tawas (K2SO4.Al2 (SO4) 3.24H2O)
Alum has the chemical formula KSO4.AL2. (SO4) 3.24H2O. Alum is used to purify drinking water in water treatment.
2. Alumina (Al2O3)
Alumin adiedakan on alfa0allumina and gamma-allumina. Gamma-alumina is obtained from heating Al (OH) 3 under 4500C. Gamma-alumina is used for the manufacture of aluminum, for toothpaste, and industrial ceramics and glass industries. Alfa-allumina obtained from heating Al (OH) 3 at temperatures above 10000C. Alfa-allumina there as corundum in nature that are used for sandpaper or Grinding. Precious stones such as rubies, sapphires, ametis, and topaz is an alpha-allumina containing transition metal compounds that give color to the stones. Ruby colors include:
- Rubi red because they contain compounds of chromium (III)
- Sapphire blue because they contain compounds of iron (II), iron (III) and titan (IV)
- Ametis violet color because they contain compounds of chromium (III) and titan (IV)
- Topaz yellow because they contain iron (III)
METAL ELEMENTS IN HUMAN LIFE
IRONIron is the most important element in the lives of mankind since the times of ancient Mesopotamia to today's modern era. No other metals that their use exceeds the amount of iron. Very reasonable if the production of iron metal in the world reached 1 billion tons / year.
The main iron ore is hematite. (Fe2O3). Other ores are magnetite, pyrite and siderite. Place the iron ore mining in Indonesia is in Cilacap, Central Java and in some places in East Java were smelting iron ore and steel industry located in Cilegon, West Java.
a. The use of iron
Iron is the metal most widely enough usage, that is about 14
times the total use of all other metals. This is didasrakan by:
1. Iron ore is relatively abundant and scattered in several places around the world.
2. Processing of iron is relatively easy and inexpensive.
3. The properties of iron easily modified.
The major use of iron is to make the steel that can be used to create toys, kitchen tools, industrial vehicles, construction of buildings, bridges, railroads. Stainless steel is widely used to make tooling sepereti scissors, screwdrivers and keys, kitchen tools such as spoons and pans. Famous steel is stainless steel as a combination of iron with chromium (14-18%) and nickel (7-9%) which has the properties of hard, clay used to make weapons and wire.
b. Metal Processing
There are 2 stages to process iron, which is aiming to reduce the smelting of iron ore so that the re-smelting of iron and useful in the manufacture of steel.
Iron smelting carried out in a blast furnace (blast furnaces). Blast furnace is a building about 30 meters high and has a diameter of about 8 feet made of stainless steel coated with heat resistant brick. Materials used are carbon reduction denagan reaction principle:
2FeO3 +3 C
4Fe + 3CO2
Materials included in the furnace there are 3 kinds:
• iron ore sand littered
• Carbon (coke) as a reducing agent
• Limestone (CaCO3) to bind the sandy dirt (flux)
The temperature in the reaction is very high so that the iron is called pig iron melt and
(Pig iron).
Liquid iron is generally immediately processed to make steel. But, also dilairkan into molds to make cast iron (cast iron) containing 3-4% carbon and less impurities such as Mn, Si, P. Iron-containing carbon is very low (0.005 to 0.2%) is called wrought iron (wrought iron).
Sebagaifluks limestone function, namely to bind the acidic impurities, such as SiO2 to form slag. Slag formation reactions are as follows. At first, decompose the limestone to form calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
CaCO3 (s)
CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Calcium oxide then reacts with sand to form calcium silicate, a major component in the slag.
CaO (s) + Si O2 (s)
CaSiO3 (l)
This slag floats on liquid iron and must be issued within a certain time interval.
c.Pembuatan steel
Steelmaking process are:
1. Lowering the carbon content of 3-4% in pig iron menjaadi 0 to 1.5% by mengoksidasikannya with oxygen.
2. Disposing of Si, Mn, and P and other impurities through the formation of slag 3. Adding metal crate aliase Cr, Ni, Mn, V, Mo, and W in accordance with the type of steel desired.
Tegnologi processing of pig iron into steel in a cheap fast distinction was introduced by Henry Bessemer tahun1856. in 1860 developed an open fireplace (open herth furnace) by William Siemens. Today more stoves are made with oxygen furnace furnace bassemer is not used anymore.
Various kinds of substances added to the processing of steel which is useful as a "scavangers" (binding impurities), especially for the oxygen and nitrogen. Scavangers most important thing is aluminum, ferrosilicon, and ferotitan feromangan. These substances react with nitrogen or dissolved oxygen to form oxides which is then separated into the slag.
Steel can be classified into 3 groups, namely;
1. Carbon steel, composed of iron and carbon.
2. stainless steel (stainless steel), has low carbon content and contains about 14% chromium.
3. Aliase steel is a special steel containing a certain element pursuant to the desired properties.
To prevent perkaratan on steel can be done by:
1. Adding other metals.
2. Using the protective layer.
3. Using a metal that can be sacrificed.
4. Protecting the cathodic.
Metallurgy, ore concentration process, Dissolution, Purification
Metallurgy is the processing of natural materials into metal next to metal element with the desired properties. Of natural organic materials found in the earth's crust disebutmineral, for example bauxite and aluminosilicates, is a mineral that can be made to produce the material commercially disebutbijih. Metal ores are the most common form of oxides, sulfides, carbonates, silicates, halides and sulfates. Silicate is actually the most abundant, but relatively worthless because its processing is difficult.Metallurgy through three stages, namely:
a. Ore concentration
In the rocks contain no valuable ore called Baturaja
(Gangue). Ore concentration aims to get rid of as much as possible
baturaja. Seeds are crushed and milled so that the grain regardless of
baturaja.Separation can then be done by physical as flotation
(Flotation) or withdrawal of the magnet.
In the process of flotation, ore that has been destroyed given a particular oil. Minerals will be attached to the foam so that regardless of baturaja or baturaja will be attached to the foam.
b. Smelting
Smelter (smelting) is the ore reduction process so that the metal elements that can use a variety of substances such as carbide, hydrogen, an active metal or by electrolysis. Election peredusi substance depends on the reactivity of each substance. The more difficult the more active metal is reduced,
thus it needs a more powerful reducing agent.
Metals that are less active case of copper and gold can be reduced just by heating. Metal with medium reactivity, such as iron, nickel and tin can be reduced denagn carbon, being active metals such as magnesium and almuinium can be reduced by electrolysis. Often the process of fusion plus
flux, ie a substance that binds the impurities and form a substance that is easier
melt, which disebutt erak.
c. Purification
Purification (refining) is the adjustment of the composition of impurities in the crude metal.
Some ways of purification:
Electrolysis, for example refining copper and nickel.
Distillation, such as purification of zinc and mercury.
Re smelting, such as purification of iron.
Purification of the zone, which is a modern way that implemented in the purification
metal.
92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species are metal elements
CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE
In line with industrial progress and tegnologi, human need for adequate facilities grew older. It is one means of chemicals, whether in the form of elements, compounds ataupum mixture. We already know that there are 92 kinds of elements in nature. Plumpness of these elements exist as compounds. Only elements that are less reactive are not found in the free state. But, thanks to scientific and technological progress we have been able to free the elements of the compound.
This paper will discuss some elements that are useful in everyday life. The elements to be discussed include some elements of metal and some non-metallic elements.
SOME ELEMENTS OF METAL
Out of 92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species of which are metal elements. Man-made elements (NA 93-109) are often classified as a metal element.
We have learned that the metals are obtained by reducing compounds. Rsduksi process is there an easy and there are difficult depending on the reactivity of each metal. Iron and copper for example, already known to mankind since ancient times, is a new sodium and potassium known to man in the 19th century after the discovery of electrolysis method. Copper was the first metal produced by the primitive needs ynag into use during the Bronze (3500 BC), who allegedly formed from the decomposition of rocks in the campfire.
While the sample of iron in ancient times thought to have come from come from stone meteorites that fell to earth. Several other metal element is also important to community life, eg silver and gold.
Special Attributes metal
Metals have special properties which become dasra use. The properties can be summarized as follows.
a. Strong
Except for mercury, all tangible solid at room temperature. Hardness and strength of metals can ditimgkatkan by mixing the metal with other metals or with non-metals called aliase (alloy), for example aliase aluminum with magnesium which is used as construction materials of buildings, bridges and
motor vehicle.
b. Can be forged and can be stretched
Metals are not destroyed when struck. Thus, the metal can be forged to create a variety of tools, craft items or jewelry. Metals can also be stretched into a wire.
c. Distorted line of good conductor
This property underlying the use of metal as electrical cables, as well as cooking equipment such as kettle, pots and pans.
d. Shiny if polished
Metals used as jewelry and for decoration because it has the shiny properties if the rub.
e. Solid form at room temperature except mercury (liquid).
Powder gold, monatomic gold, Ormus Gold
This paper will discuss some elements that are useful in everyday life. The elements to be discussed include some elements of metal and some non-metallic elements.
To learn chemistry is very difficult, we must master the formula-the formula. If you want to master the science of chemistry had to be diligent and really focus on the lessons that we pejari.
In this case there are a variety of categories such as: powder gold, monatomic gold, Ormus Gold ...
SOME ELEMENTS OF METAL
Out of 92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species of which are metal elements. Man-made elements (NA 93-109) are often classified as a metal element.
We have learned that the metals are obtained by reducing compounds. Rsduksi process is there an easy and there are difficult depending on the reactivity of each metal. Iron and copper for example, already known to mankind since ancient times, is a new sodium and potassium known to man in the 19th century after the discovery of electrolysis method. Copper was the first metal produced by the primitive needs ynag into use during the Bronze (3500 BC), who allegedly formed from the decomposition of rocks in the campfire.
To memorize the names of the objects included in the category of chemicals that must be very difficult, not a single explanation. Mathematical sciences should also be strong, because in your chemistry required to calculate the temperature, pressure, and various others.
Created at night and Autumn Full Moon / Spring Equinox on September 23, 2010 using strict organic protocol on a mountain in Australia `s sunshine beautiful coastal region facing the Pacific ocean.
Printed with frequency solfeggio Masaru Emoto arpeggios and images, made with pure Pacific sea water and the organic, hand harvested, dried sea salt.Each Celtic 740ml (25 fl.oz) bottle is made using wet by sea alchemy master alchemist.
all tangible solid at room temperature. Hardness and strength of metals can ditimgkatkan by mixing the metal with other metals or with non-metals called aliase (alloy)
Alchemy is an ancient practice that continues to this day. ancient culture known to practice alchemy include Sumerian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Chaldean, Babylonian, Asian race early, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans. For Egypt, alchemy is the science master, which they believe was revealed to them by their god Thoth, called Hermes Trismegistus by the Greeks. Thus, alchemy is the Hermetic Art.
The purpose of alchemy was to change the basic or common to the pure or rare. In other words, alchemy can be regarded as the transmutation of matter into spirit. Alchemical search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life, which is thought to provide a higher spiritual awareness, healing physical ailments, and give eternal life.
Alchemists believe that there are hidden and higher orders of reality, which is the basis of all spiritual truth and spirituality all. Observing and realizing this higher order of reality is the work of the alchemist - the Magnum Opus or The Great Work - the realization of the Absolute.
Chemistry is very important benefits
In the history of chemistry, chemical scientist many chemical processes, the development of modern chemistry. Many are already developing alchemist alchemy. Actually discovery of chemical elements has a very long history to reach the peak. The creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by someone who usually called Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.
The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion. Fire is a mystical power that converts a substance into another substance and is therefore the main focus of all mankind. Fire is the lead man on the discovery of iron and glass. After gold was found and a precious metal, many people are interested in finding methods that can alter other substances into gold. This creates a protosains called Alchemy. Alchemy was practiced by many cultures throughout history and often contain a mixture of philosophy, mysticism and protosains.
Alchemist discovered many chemical processes that lead to the development of modern chemistry. Over history, the alchemist to develop away from the philosophy of alchemy and mysticism, and develop a more systematic approach and scientific. The first alchemist who is considered to apply scientific methods of alchemy, chemistry and alchemy distinguish.
Nevertheless, the chemistry as we know it today was created by a man named Antoine Lavoisier with the law of conservation of mass in the year 1783. The discovery of chemical elements has a long history culminating with the creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. As already indicated above.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives a good overview of chemical discovery over the last 100 years. At the beginning of the 20th century, revealed the nature of subatomic and atomic science of quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties of the chemical bond. In the mid-20th century, chemistry has grown up to be able to understand and predict the biological aspects that widened into the field of biochemistry.
The chemical industry represents an important economic activity. In 2004, the top 50 producers of chemicals have global sales reaching 587 billion U.S. dollars with a profit margin of 8.1% and research and development spending 2.1% of total sales.
Well .... from information already written on this so we can menyulpulkan that chemistry is very important, from all knowledge of the chemical is very expensive to be assessed with the money, the government should be supporting people who have knowledge about chemistry. Thank You
The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion. Fire is a mystical power that converts a substance into another substance and is therefore the main focus of all mankind. Fire is the lead man on the discovery of iron and glass. After gold was found and a precious metal, many people are interested in finding methods that can alter other substances into gold. This creates a protosains called Alchemy. Alchemy was practiced by many cultures throughout history and often contain a mixture of philosophy, mysticism and protosains.
Alchemist discovered many chemical processes that lead to the development of modern chemistry. Over history, the alchemist to develop away from the philosophy of alchemy and mysticism, and develop a more systematic approach and scientific. The first alchemist who is considered to apply scientific methods of alchemy, chemistry and alchemy distinguish.
Nevertheless, the chemistry as we know it today was created by a man named Antoine Lavoisier with the law of conservation of mass in the year 1783. The discovery of chemical elements has a long history culminating with the creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. As already indicated above.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives a good overview of chemical discovery over the last 100 years. At the beginning of the 20th century, revealed the nature of subatomic and atomic science of quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties of the chemical bond. In the mid-20th century, chemistry has grown up to be able to understand and predict the biological aspects that widened into the field of biochemistry.
The chemical industry represents an important economic activity. In 2004, the top 50 producers of chemicals have global sales reaching 587 billion U.S. dollars with a profit margin of 8.1% and research and development spending 2.1% of total sales.
Well .... from information already written on this so we can menyulpulkan that chemistry is very important, from all knowledge of the chemical is very expensive to be assessed with the money, the government should be supporting people who have knowledge about chemistry. Thank You
Organomagnesium Halides, Alkenes-symmetrical alkenes, carboxylic, Halogen
Halide Organomagnesium general structure R-Mg-X, with R = Alkyl, alkenyl or aryl and X = halogen, called Grignard reagents after their discoverer.
In chemistry, the term acyl halide or acid halide is a compound derived from a carboxylic acid by substituting hydroxyl groups with functional halides.
The reaction between carbon-carbon double bond (C = C) in compounds such as ethene alkenes with halide-hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide.
Alkene-alkene is symmetrical (such as ethene or but-2-ene) will be discussed first. Alkene-alkene has an identical cluster-cluster bound to each end of the bond C = C. For alkene-alkene is not symmetrical like propene, the reaction is slightly more complicated, so it will be further discussed in a separate section.
how to make the organomagnesium halide (RMgX) The discovery in 1901, changing the organic chemical reactions and make him win the Nobel prize in 1912. Found these compounds known as Grignard reagents.
If the acid is a carboxylic acid, the compound containing functional group-COX, consisting of carbonyl groups bound to halogen atoms such as chlorine. The general formula for an acyl halides can be written with RCOX, where R can be an alkyl group, CO is a carbonyl group, and X represents halogen atom.
Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.
Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.
Halogen elements naturally form a diatomic molecule. They require one additional electron to fill its outer electron orbits, so that tends to form a negatively charged ion one. Negative ions are called ionic halides, and salts formed by ions are called halides.
They are very valuable and widely used synthetic tools, especially in the addition of carbanions and nucleophilic substitution reactions, but also in various other transformations.
Grignard reagents are generally prepared by the reaction of organic halides with magnesium metal ('metallation') in dry diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran. Metallation addition, many other methods for the preparation of Grignard reagents have been developed:
* Transmetallation other organometallic compounds with anhydrous magnesium salt
* Sulfoxide / magnesium exchange
* Carbenoid-homologation
* Reaction with highly active magnesium
* Reaction with magnesium anthracene complex
* Iodine-magnesium exchange
* An exchange reaction using magnesium organo 'eat' complex
* Transition metal-catalyzed formation of Grignard
* Mercury-magnesium exchange
Reagent, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a substance that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction. a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide. reagents used to refer to the chemical purity is sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as ions of sodium, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistivity.
Grignard compounds are formed from alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal (Mg). In the synthesis of organic compounds, Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles will attack the electrophile carbon atoms (usually the C atom on the carbonyl group) or commonly called nucleophilic organometallic Addition. This reaction is irreversible.
Magnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12 and atomic weight 24.31. Magnesium is an element that forms the eighth largest 2% weight of the Earth's crust, as well as soluble constituents of the third largest at sea. and Alkaline earth metal is primarily used as a mixture or substance to make a mixture of aluminum alloy, magnesium is often called "magnalium" or "magnelium".
Magnesium, Mg, Manufactured as carbonate, sulfate, and silicate, and the abundance of sodium and calcium. Magnesium is produced by electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride salts, MgCl2, or reaction of dolomite, CaMg (CO3) 2, with a blend ferosilikon profession. Silvery-white colored magnesium metal and its surface is oxidized in air. At high temperature magnesium burns in air and reacts with nitrogen to produce nitride, Mg3N2. Magnesium metal burns with a very bright flame and is still used as a flashlight.
Aluminum alloy is lightweight and strong and are used as structural materials in automobiles and aircraft. Mg2 + is the central ion in the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll, and plays a role in photosynthesis. Grignard reagents, RMgX, the French chemist who synthesized F. A. V. Grignard in 1900, is typical of organometallic compounds and main group metals are widely used in Grignard reactions. This important reagents Nobel prize (1912), and is very useful not only for the organic reactions but also for metal halide conversion into organometallic compounds. Incredibly, technology with the natural blend.
In chemistry, the term acyl halide or acid halide is a compound derived from a carboxylic acid by substituting hydroxyl groups with functional halides.
The reaction between carbon-carbon double bond (C = C) in compounds such as ethene alkenes with halide-hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide.
Alkene-alkene is symmetrical (such as ethene or but-2-ene) will be discussed first. Alkene-alkene has an identical cluster-cluster bound to each end of the bond C = C. For alkene-alkene is not symmetrical like propene, the reaction is slightly more complicated, so it will be further discussed in a separate section.
how to make the organomagnesium halide (RMgX) The discovery in 1901, changing the organic chemical reactions and make him win the Nobel prize in 1912. Found these compounds known as Grignard reagents.
If the acid is a carboxylic acid, the compound containing functional group-COX, consisting of carbonyl groups bound to halogen atoms such as chlorine. The general formula for an acyl halides can be written with RCOX, where R can be an alkyl group, CO is a carbonyl group, and X represents halogen atom.
Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.
Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.
Halogen elements naturally form a diatomic molecule. They require one additional electron to fill its outer electron orbits, so that tends to form a negatively charged ion one. Negative ions are called ionic halides, and salts formed by ions are called halides.
They are very valuable and widely used synthetic tools, especially in the addition of carbanions and nucleophilic substitution reactions, but also in various other transformations.
Grignard reagents are generally prepared by the reaction of organic halides with magnesium metal ('metallation') in dry diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran. Metallation addition, many other methods for the preparation of Grignard reagents have been developed:
* Transmetallation other organometallic compounds with anhydrous magnesium salt
* Sulfoxide / magnesium exchange
* Carbenoid-homologation
* Reaction with highly active magnesium
* Reaction with magnesium anthracene complex
* Iodine-magnesium exchange
* An exchange reaction using magnesium organo 'eat' complex
* Transition metal-catalyzed formation of Grignard
* Mercury-magnesium exchange
Reagent, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a substance that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction. a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide. reagents used to refer to the chemical purity is sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as ions of sodium, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistivity.
Grignard compounds are formed from alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal (Mg). In the synthesis of organic compounds, Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles will attack the electrophile carbon atoms (usually the C atom on the carbonyl group) or commonly called nucleophilic organometallic Addition. This reaction is irreversible.
Magnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12 and atomic weight 24.31. Magnesium is an element that forms the eighth largest 2% weight of the Earth's crust, as well as soluble constituents of the third largest at sea. and Alkaline earth metal is primarily used as a mixture or substance to make a mixture of aluminum alloy, magnesium is often called "magnalium" or "magnelium".
Magnesium, Mg, Manufactured as carbonate, sulfate, and silicate, and the abundance of sodium and calcium. Magnesium is produced by electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride salts, MgCl2, or reaction of dolomite, CaMg (CO3) 2, with a blend ferosilikon profession. Silvery-white colored magnesium metal and its surface is oxidized in air. At high temperature magnesium burns in air and reacts with nitrogen to produce nitride, Mg3N2. Magnesium metal burns with a very bright flame and is still used as a flashlight.
Aluminum alloy is lightweight and strong and are used as structural materials in automobiles and aircraft. Mg2 + is the central ion in the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll, and plays a role in photosynthesis. Grignard reagents, RMgX, the French chemist who synthesized F. A. V. Grignard in 1900, is typical of organometallic compounds and main group metals are widely used in Grignard reactions. This important reagents Nobel prize (1912), and is very useful not only for the organic reactions but also for metal halide conversion into organometallic compounds. Incredibly, technology with the natural blend.
Impact of Malnutrition on Economic Value
Significant is the symbol of natural language (pure whatever they are), having an accurate value, and equivalent (almost have equality with what disimbolkannya). So in short the things that significantly more reliable reach the goal. Take for example, science is more universally accepted than religious dogma. Why? I think that scholars in this forum already know the answer.
Prevalence is the percentage of infected fish compared with the whole fish samples examined. While the intensity is the average number of parasites per infected fish. Prevalence and intensity of each type of parasite is not always the same because of the many factors that influence, one of the factors that influence the size of the host.
Relative is the degree to which an innovation is better / superior than ever before.
Iodine is a mineral elements and micro-second after the Iron which is considered essential for human health although the actual number does not need as many other nutrients. Humans can not create an element / elements such as iodine in the body make a protein or sugar, but must get it from outside the body (naturally) through the uptake of iodine contained in foods and beverages.
Contributions are donations were a tourist attraction tourist activity in Bukit Lawang in helping the local community socioeconomic level.
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein) in red blood cells is below normal. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all parts of the body. Anemia causes the reduced number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, so that blood can not transport oxygen in the required number of appropriate body.
Element is a 13-volume textbook in mathematics and geometry are written by the Greek mathematician Euclid in Egypt in the early 3rd century BC. Last volume contains the geometry of Euclid and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory.
Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term minerals includes not only material but also the structure of the chemical composition of minerals. Minerals included in the composition of the pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic Compound usually not included). The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
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